What Causes Hyperpigmentation and Dark Spots
Hyperpigmentation occurs when skin produces excess melanin. Common triggers include sun exposure, hormonal changes, acne scars, and aging. Dark spots often appear on the face, hands, and shoulders as flat, discolored patches.
Key Ingredients to Look For in a Serum
Effective serums often contain vitamin C, niacinamide, alpha arbutin, kojic acid, or tranexamic acid. These ingredients help inhibit melanin production and promote cell turnover. For sensitive skin, look for gentle forms like magnesium ascorbyl phosphate or low-concentration alpha arbutin.
How to Choose and Use the Right Serum
Pick a serum suited to your skin type and tone. Apply it to clean, dry skin after toner and before moisturizer. Use sunscreen daily, since UV exposure can worsen dark spots. For more on ingredient safety and regulation, see the FDA overview on cosmetics.
