Global Death Toll Estimates
The bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has caused several major pandemics. The Black Death in the 14th century is the most devastating, killing an estimated 25 million to 50 million people in Europe alone, according to historical research.
Death Toll Across Major Outbreaks
Beyond the Black Death, later plague waves continued to claim lives. The Third Pandemic, beginning in the 1850s, caused millions of deaths, primarily in Asia, with India accounting for a large share of the fatalities during that period.
Understanding the Mortality Rate
Without treatment, the bubonic plague can be fatal in 30 to 60 percent of cases. Today, antibiotics are effective if administered early, which is why modern deaths are rare. Historical mortality rates varied by region, population density, and public health conditions.
